Critical infrastructure

Critical infrastructure

Industrial Control Systems (ICS) and Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) environments are facing increasing exposure to the internet, giving nef

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Introduction Industrial Control System (ICS)-embedded architectures differ from standard enterprise systems. ICS are interconnected, like enterprise systems,

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Introduction In January 2020, industrial cybersecurity firm Dragos released the North American Electric Cyber Threat Perspective, referred to as the Dragos r

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Modbus Modbus is a serial communication protocol developed by Gould-Modicon systems (now Schneider Electric) in 1979 for integrating and using it with PLCs (

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Introduction RS-232 and RS-485 both belong to the serial interface family. A serial interface is a communication interface in which data is transmitted bit b

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Introduction BACnet stands for “Building Automation and Control Networks.” As the name suggests, BACnet is used for communication in building automation and

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Introduction Telecontrol Application Service Element (TASE) 2.0 is also known as Inter Control Center Protocol (ICCP) or International Electrotechnical Commi

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Introduction Foundation Fieldbus was designed to replace analog connections in the refining, petrochemical and nuclear industries. It was first proposed in 1

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Introduction Industrial Control Systems (ICS) are part of the Supervisory Control and data acquisition environments. These systems are responsible for the in

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Introduction Profibus and Profinet were created and designed by the same organization. Profibus stands for Process Field Bus and Profinet stands for Process